The following guide is comprised of all the various tree species to be found in Times Sq., an area defined herein as above 42nd St., below 49th St., and bounded by 8th Ave. and Avenue of the Americas.



Thornless Honey Locust
The honey locust is native to central North America where it is mostly found in the soil of river valleys. Honey locust is highly adaptable to different environments, has been introduced worldwide, and has been an aggressive invasive species. Despite its name the honey locust is not a significant honey plant. The name derives from the sweet taste of the pulp, which was used for tea and traditional medicine by Native American people. The long pods are surrounded in a tough, leathery skin that adheres strongly to the pulp within. The pulp is bright green in unripe pods, but is strongly sweet, crisp and succulent in ripe pods.


Japanese Pagoda Tree
Despite it's name, Japanese Pagoda is actually native to China. However, it has become a popular ornamental tree in Europe, North America and South Africa, grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other trees have long finished flowering. Pagoda grows into a lofty tree 10-20m tall with an equal spread, and produces a fine, dark brown timber. The "Guilty Chinese Scholartree" is a well-known pagoda in Beijing from which the last emperor of the Ming dynasty, Chongzhen, hanged himself.


Ginko
Ginkgo biloba, also known as the maidenhair tree, is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, all others now extinct. It is found in fossils dating back 270 million years. Native to China, the tree is widely cultivated, and was cultivated early in human history. It has various uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food. Extreme examples of the ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in Hiroshima, Japan, where six trees growing between 1-2 kilometres from the 1945 atom bomb explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast. Although almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were killed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again. The six trees are still alive today.


Willow Oak
The willow oak, with its light green leaf color and full crown, is a North American species of the red oak group. It is native to the eastern and central United States, present from the Long Island Sound to northern Florida, and west to southernmost Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. It is most commonly found growing on lowland floodplains, often along streams. The willow oak is one of the most popular trees for horticultural planting, due to its rapid growth, hardiness, ability to withstand both sun and shade. Despite being massively planted in the U.S., around malls, along roads, etc., the trees tend to grow larger than planners expect, which often leads to cracked sidewalks.



Sweetgum
American sweetgum, also known as hazel pine, bilsted, redgum, satin-walnut, star-leaved gum, alligatorwood, or simply sweetgum, is native to warm temperate areas of eastern North America and tropical montane regions of Mexico and Central America. Sweet gum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern United States, and is a popular ornamental tree in temperate climates. It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves and its hard, spiked fruits. The tree's gum resin, for which the tree is named, exudes from the bark of the tree when wounded. It is a kind of balsam, or resin, resembling turpentine. It may be clear, reddish, or yellow. As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported in barrels. The resin is produced by stripping, boiling, and pressing the tree's bark.







Callery Pear
Callery pear is native to China and Vietnam. The leaves are oval, 4 to 8 cm long, glossy dark green above, on long pedicels that make them flash their slightly paler undersides in a breeze. The inedible fruits of the Callery pear are small (less than one cm in diameter), and hard, almost woody, until softened by frost, after which they are readily taken by birds. In summer, the shining foliage is dark green and very smooth, and in autumn the leaves commonly turn brilliant colors, ranging from yellow and orange to more commonly red, pink, purple, and bronze. However, since the color often develops very late in autumn, the leaves may be killed by a hard frost before their full color can develop. Callery pears are remarkably resistant to disease though some are particularly susceptible to storm damage and are regularly disfigured or even killed by strong winds, ice storms, heavy snow, or suffer limb loss due to their naturally rapid growth rate. The 'Bradford' species in particular is also known for its sickly sweet, often unpleasant smell during flowering. The trees were introduced to the U.S. as ornamental landscape trees in the mid-1960s. They became popular with landscapers because they were inexpensive, transported well and grew quickly. The New York Times promoted the tree saying, "few trees possess every desired attribute, but the ornamental pear comes unusually to close to the ideal."


















Swamp White Oak
The swamp white oak, is a North American species of medium-sized trees in the beech family. It is a common element of America's north central and northeastern mixed forests. It can survive in a variety of habitats. It forms hybrids with bur oak where they occur together in the wild. It is one of the more important white oaks for lumber production. In recent years, the swamp white oak has become a popular landscaping tree, partly due to its relative ease of transplanting. Wildlife such as deer, bear, turkey, ducks, and geese, as well as other animals are attracted to this tree when its acorns begin dropping in the fall.



















Sawtooth Oak
The sawtooth oak, is an Asian species of oak native to China, Tibet, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, and northeastern India. It is characterised by shoot buds surrounded by soft bristles, bristle-tipped leaf lobes, and acorns that mature in about 18 months. The acorns are very bitter, but are eaten by jays and pigeons; squirrels usually only consume them when other food sources have run out. The sap of the tree can leak out of the trunk, and beetles, stag beetles and butterflies gather to collect this sap. Charcoal made using this wood is used as braisers for heating water for the Japanese tea ceremony.





















Littleleaf Linden
Littleleaf Linden is native to much of Europe. It is found from Britain to central Russia, and south to central Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, the Caucasus, and western Asia. In Britain it is considered an indicator of ancient woodland, and is becoming increasingly rare. Owing to its rarity, a number of woods have been given protected status. It is one of the best surviving species of medieval small leaved limes in England. Small-leaved lime was once regarded as holy and is good for carving.



















Holly Tree
Holly is a genus of about 480 species of flowering plants, and the only living genus in that family. The species are evergreen, deciduous, shrubs, and climbers present in tropic to temperate zones worldwide. The fossil record indicates that the lineage was already widespread prior to the end of the Cretaceous period. Based on the molecular clock, the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared during the Eocene, about 50 million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches. The species covered great areas of the earth when the genus was more prosperous. Most of the last remaining holly forests are believed to have disappeared about 10,000 years ago. Many of the then-existing species became extinct, but others found refuge in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains. Holly is commonly referenced at Christmas time, and is often referred to by the name Christ's thorn. In many Western Christian cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths and illustrations. The sharpness of the leaves help to recall the crown of thorns worn by Jesus, the red berries serve as a reminder of the drops of blood that were shed for salvation, and the shape of the leaves, which resemble flames, can serve to reveal God's burning love for His people. Holly can cause vomiting and diarrhea and are especially dangerous in cases involving accidental consumption by children attracted to the bright red berries.




Sources:
www.tree-map.nycgovparks.org
www.nycgovparks.org/trees/street-tree-planting/steps
www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2011/nrs_2011_moriani_001.pdf
https://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/Thm_Risk.html
www.nature.com/articles/nature01728
www.nature.com/news/2003/030710/full/news030707-6.html
www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/what-are-10-most-common-street-trees-new-york-city/8418/
https://www.justfacts.com/pollution.asp